In 1961 astronomers discovered a powerful x-ray source coming from the constellation Cygnus. Not knowing what it was, they named the source Cygnus X-1. It’s one of the strongest x-ray sources in the sky, and we now know it is powered by a stellar-mass black hole. Since it is only about 7,000 light-years away, it also gives astronomers an excellent view of how stellar-mass black holes behave. Even after six decades of study, it continues to teach us a few things, as a recent study in Science shows.
Cygnus X-1 is actually a binary system. The black hole itself is a 21 solar-mass stellar remnant, and it orbits a 41 solar-mass companion star. It’s a powerful x-ray source because material from the star is captured into an accretion disk of the black hole, which superheats the material and generates jets of plasma that flow away from the black hole. This is a common situation for black holes, but astronomers still don’t understand all the details of how this type of structure evolves.
For this study, the team used data from the Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE), which can capture not just x-rays but also their polarization. When they combined this data with other observations of Cygnus X-1, they found the x-rays are emitted not from the regions along the jets, but from a 2,000 km region perpendicular to the jets. In other words, the accretion disk itself is the primary x-ray source. This supports the model where the innermost region of the accretion disk is what powers a black hole’s jets.
This X-ray image of Cygnus X-1 was taken by a balloon-borne telescope, the High Energy Replicated Optics (HERO) project. NASA image.
The team also found that the orientation of the accretion disk is tilted significantly relative to the orbital plane of the binary system. It would be unusual for members of a stellar binary system to have such differing rotational axes, so it is likely that the shift occurred during the cataclysmic explosion that formed the black hole.
Knowing that the x-ray source is relatively close to the black hole, astronomers can further study their dynamics to better understand how black holes affect the warping of space and time, which could lead to more stringent tests of general relativity.
Reference: Krawczynski, Henric, et al. “Polarized x-rays constrain the disk-jet geometry in the black hole x-ray binary Cygnus X-1” Science (2022): 5399.
