Lose Yourself in the JWST’s Exquisite Image of Barnard’s Galaxy

There may come a day when we grow weary of JWST images. But it’s not today. Today, we can lose ourselves in the space telescope’s engrossing image of NGC 6822, also called Barnard’s Galaxy.

Barnard’s Galaxy was discovered by the accomplished American astronomer E. E. Barnard in 1884. He spotted it with a 6-inch refractor telescope. It’s the closest galaxy to the Milky Way that isn’t a satellite galaxy, and it’s quite similar to our neighbour, the Small Magellanic Cloud. It’s a dwarf irregular galaxy about 7,000 light-years across and about 1.6 million light-years away.

The JWST captured this image with its NIRCam instrument, and it shows the galaxy in deep detail. Dust and gas are pervasive in the galaxy, but the JWST has the power to see right through it with its infrared instruments. One of the reasons JWST was built was to peer through gas and dust and see what’s going on behind it.

Zooming in reveals the JWST’s power. Here and there, distant galaxies pop into view well beyond Barnard’s Galaxy.

Zooming into almost any part of the image reveals distant galaxies. In this portion, a trio of galaxies lines up diagonally. Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, M. Meixner

Webb doesn’t take colour pictures, so when it sends data back to Earth, it’s all black and white. But it does an excellent job of capturing photons, and the images are processed into colour for our enjoyment and for scientific detail. In the image, the brightest stars are blue and cyan, while the fainter stars are warm-coloured.

This part of the image highlights one of NGC 6822’s star clusters in the upper center. A smaller cluster is in the lower left. Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, M. Meixner

The little bit of gas and dust visible in the image is also a testament to the JWST’s power. Gas and dust pervade the galaxy, but in this image, only a small amount is visible.

Gas and dust appear only as red wisps in this image, thanks to the JWST’s powerful instruments. Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, M. Meixner

The JWST team published another image of NGC 6822 last summer. That image was captured with both the NIRcam and MIRI instruments. It highlights the space telescope’s power and the flexibility it gains from its multiple instruments and filters.

The JWST captured this image of NGC 6822 with NIRCam and MIRI. This image captured more of the galaxy’s dust and gas, and it shows how powerful and flexible the telescope is. Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, M. Meixner

Barnard’s Galaxy is a bit of a puzzle. Its oldest stars are 10 billion years old, and some research suggests they’re even older. But most of the stars in NGC 6822 formed in the last 3 to 5 billion years. It’s been isolated for most of its life, but some research shows it came close enough to the Milky Way in the last 3 or 4 billion years to trigger star formation. The star formation rate may have accelerated even more in the last 100 to 200 million years.

Overall, the stars in NGC 6822 have low metallicity, meaning they’re mostly made of hydrogen and helium and almost nothing heavier. All stars in the early Universe had low metallicity because elements heavier than hydrogen and helium can only be forged in stars. When the stars die, the metals are spread back out into the Universe, to eventually form new stars with higher metallicity. Astronomers are greatly interested in contemporary objects with low metallicity, like NGC 6822. Studying it helps astronomers gain insight into the cycle of interstellar gas as it’s taken up in star formation and then expelled back into the interstellar medium. It also helps them understand how stars evolve.

Prior to the JWST’s mission, this was the type of image we had of NGC 6822. The image on the left is from the 2.2-meter MPG/ESO telescope, with star-forming regions in yellow boxes. On the right are ALMA images of each region. Needless to say, there’s a dramatic difference between these images and the JWST’s images. Image Credit: By ESO, ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/A. Schruba, VLA (NRAO)/Y. Bagetakos/Little THINGS – https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1711a/, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57062248

NGC 6822 has a place in astronomical history. It was the first object that astronomers were certain was outside of the Milky Way. We take that for granted now, but at the time, there was a raging debate about the size of the Universe, and astronomers weren’t certain there were any objects outside the Milky Way.

Famous American astronomer Edwin Hubble studied it extensively and published a paper on it in the Astrophysical Journal in 1925. “NGC 6822 is a faint irregular cluster of stars with several small nebulae involved,” Hubble wrote. “NGC 6822 lies far outside the limits of the galactic system.”

This image was captured by Edwin Hubble in 1925 with the 100-inch reflector at Mount Wilson Observatory. It’s a three-and-a-half hour exposure. Some of the labelled parts are diffuse nebula. Image Credit: From “NGC 6822, a remote stellar system,” by Edwin Hubble, Astrophysical Journal, 1925.

The JWST was a long time coming. It’s development was a highly-contested affair sometimes, and Congress threatened to cancel it. But it stands as the pinnacle of astronomical achievement, and now that it’s operating, it’s expanding and deepening our understanding of the cosmos, and of nature.

With gorgeous images like this one of Barnard’s Galaxy, we’re all along for the ride.